- Do you know Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion?Do you know how they came about?This video covers that, explains how Newton confirmed them and goes through a w.
- This shows the relative sizes of the orbits and planets in the multi-transiting planetary systems discovered by Kepler up to Nov. The colors simply go.
- Astronomy Ranking Task: Kepler’s Laws – Orbital Motion Exercise #3 Description: The figure below shows a star and five orbiting planets (A – E). Note that planets A, B and C are in perfectly circular orbits. In contrast, planets D and E have more elliptical orbits. Note that the closest and farthest distances for the elliptical orbits of planets D and E happen to match the orbital.
Kepler's third law - sometimes referred to as the law of harmonies - compares the orbital period and radius of orbit of a planet to those of other planets. Unlike Kepler's first and second laws that describe the motion characteristics of a single planet, the third law makes a comparison between the motion characteristics of different planets.
The Significance of Kepler's Laws
Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets around the Sun.Kepler knew 6 planets: Earth, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
This is a perspective view, the shape of the actual orbit is very close to a circle. |
All these (also the Moon) move in nearly the same flat plane (section #2 in 'Stargazers'). The solar system is flat like a pancake! The Earth is on the pancake, too, so we see the entire system edge-on--the entire pancake occupies one line (or maybe a narrow strip) cutting across the sky, known as the ecliptic. Every planet, the Moon and Sun too, move along or near the ecliptic. If you see a bunch of bright stars strung out in a line across the sky--with the line perhaps also including the Moon, (whose orbit is also close to that 'pancake'), or the place on the horizon where the Sun had just set--you are probably seeing planets.
- Ancient astronomers believed the Earth was the center of the Universe--the stars were on a sphere rotating around it (we now know it's actually the earth that is turning) and the planets were moving on their own 'crystal spheres' with variable speed. They usually moved in the same direction, but sometimes their motion reversed for a month or two, and no one knew why.
A Polish clergyman named Nicholas Copernicus figured out by 1543 that those motions made sense if planets moved around the Sun, if the Earth was one of them, and if the more distant ones moved more slowly. The Earth then sometimes overtakes the slower planets more distant from the Sun, making their positions among stars move backwards (for a while). The orbits of Venus and Mercury are inside that of Earth, so they are never seen far from the Sun (e.g. at midnight).
I hope you that describing those features--the 'pancake' of the ecliptic, the reversed ('retrograde') motion, Venus always close to the Sun--will help students get a feeling for the appearance of planets in the sky, as bright stars moving along the same track as Sun and Moon. The 12 constellations along that line are known as the zodiac, a name which should be familiar to those who follow astrology. Venus, the brightest planet, seems to bounce back and forth across the position of the Sun, and so does Mercury--but since it is much closer to the Sun, you may only see it whe it is most distant from the Sun, and then only shortly after sunset or before sunrise.
Students will probably have heard or read that the pope and church fought the idea of Copernicus, because in one of the psalms (which are really prayer-poems) the bible says that God 'set up the Earth that it will not move' [that was one translation: a more correct one may be 'will not collapse']. Galileo, an Italian contemporary of Kepler who supported the ideas of Copernicus, was tried by the church for disobedience and was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life.
It was an age when people often followed ancient authors (like the Greek Aristoteles) rather than check out with their own eyes what Nature was really doing. When people started checking, observing, experimenting and calculating, that brought the era of the scientific revolution
and of technology. Our modern technology is the ultimate result, and Kepler's laws (together with Galileo's work, and that of William Gilbert on magnetism) are important, because they started that revolution
. | Johannes Kepler |
Kepler worked with Tycho Brahe, a Danish nobleman who pushed pre-telescope astronomy to its greatest precision, measuring positions of planets as accurately as the eye could make out (Brahe died in 1602 in Prague, now the Czech capital; telescopes started with Galileo around 1609). If you want to read about it, I recommend 'Tycho and Kepler' by Kitty Ferguson, reviewed at http://www.phy6.org/outreach/books/Tycho.htm or at least, read the review. Let me quote from it:
- Religious intolerance was widespread--indeed, events were moving towards the 30 years' war (1618-48), Europe's most destructive religious battle, mirrored by the civil war in Britain. Kepler was forced out of Graz, among all other employees of Protestant colleges in town, after the ruling archduke decreed they must leave the city by nightfall, that same day. It was also an era when Kepler's mother was arrested for witchcraft, when most of his numerous children died in childhood, and when Tycho's marriage was regarded as a second-rate 'slegfred' union because his chosen wife was not from the nobility.
Try to get that across to students, too. 1620 was when the 'Pilgrims' landed in Plymouth Rock, fleeing from the outbreak of the religious war which later devastated Europe. Quite possibly it was the memory of such wars that led the US, much later, to decree the separation of church and state. Explain how the development of science and society are often closely related. Google contacts not syncing with mac.
Kepler's First Law
Age of empires 3 mac free download. Ruler of Sky Set
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| Featured in: Hyper Railguns and Kepler Focused Supply Hand of Tyr and Kepler Focused Supply Hyper Railgun, Tyr Wrist, and Kepler Focused Supply Appears in: Focused Supply | |
| Icon | Type | HP | ATK | DEF | CRT |
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| 219 | 74 | 22 | 0 | ||
| Upon scoring a crit strike, deal an additional 110% ATK of Physical DMG to the target and surrounding enemies within a 3-meter radius. CD: 3.0s. | |||||
| 320 | 0 | 77 | 10 | ||
| Upon scoring a crit strike, paralyzes the target and surrounding enemies within a 3-meter radius for 2.0s. CD: 7.0s. | |||||
| 263 | 34 | 44 | 7 | ||
| Upon scoring a crit strike, heals self for 130 HP. CD: 6.0s. | |||||
| Meteor Impact 2 Pieces | |||||
| Gain 55% Crit DMG. | |||||
| Heavenly Verdict 3 Pieces | |||||
| Critical strikes mark non-Boss enemies for Judgment. These enemies then take 15% ATK of Physical DMG per second for 30s. CD: 5s. For every enemy marked for Judgment, gain 6% Crit Rate. Stacks up to 5 times. | |||||
Upgrade for each piece (ALL UPGRADES)
Kepler 325
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| Upgrade Kepler | |
| Icon | Type | HP | ATK | DEF | CRT |
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| 345 | 117 | 35 | 0 | ||
| Upon scoring a crit strike, deal an additional 200% ATK of Physical DMG to the target and surrounding enemies within a 3-meter radius. CD: 3.0s. | |||||
| 518 | 0 | 123 | 16 | ||
| Upon scoring a crit strike, paralyzes the target and surrounding enemies within a 3-meter radius for 2.0s. CD: 4.0s. | |||||
| 414 | 53 | 70 | 11 | ||
| Upon scoring a crit strike, heals self for 250 HP. CD: 6.0s. | |||||
| Meteor Impact 2 Pieces | |||||
| Gain 55% Crit DMG. | |||||
| Heavenly Verdict 3 Pieces | |||||
| Critical strikes mark non-Boss enemies for Judgment. These enemies then take 15% ATK of Physical DMG per second for 30s. CD: 5s. For every enemy marked for Judgment, gain 6% Crit Rate. Stacks up to 5 times. | |||||
Kepler 33b